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Background@#Headache disorders are most prevalent public-health problem. Worldwide, among the adults 46% suffer from primary headache, where the migraine presents 11% and tension type headache (TTH) presents 25%. Recently, one type of the primary headache, medication overuse headache tends to increase. Nowadays, there is no sufficient study about primary headache in Mongolia. So that, it is necessary to investigate prevalence, clinical type and risk factors of the primary headache.@*Purpose@#To study prevalence and risk factors of primary headache in Mongolia.@*Materials and Methods@#This cross-sectional study was carried out from June to November of 2017. Participants aged 18-65 years old were randomly selected from four provinces and three districts of Ulaanbaatar city. The diagnosis of headache was made using the International Classification of Headache Disorders-3 beta. Statistical analysis was performed on SPSS-23 program.@*Results@#A total of 2043 participants (812 men and 1231 women) were reviewed. The participant’s average age was 38.6±13.4years. 1350 (66.1%) participants reported recurrent headache within the last 1 year. Of the total study population, the prevalence rate of primary headache was 1305 (63.9%). Number of people who suffered from migraine was 494 (24.2%), significantly greater in female than male participants (p=0.0001), with most frequent attacks at age 26-45 years. The risk of migraine associated with sex, education and family history (p=0.001). 592 (29.0%) of participants had TTH, mean age of them was 37.7±5.24, significant high rate in female than men, risk of TTH depends on education and job. The medication overuse headache was diagnosed at 116 (5.7%), 29.4% in men and 70.5% in women with average of 45.6±11.4 and 43±12.7 respectively. Among the participants 38.6% used medications, 28% people had one drug, 8.5% two drugs and 2% used three or more drugs. Use of non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) made up major percent in headache patients. Increased frequency of medication and multidrug affected to medication overuse headache (p=0.008).@*Conclusion@#More than half of studied population had primary headache. Migraine was in 24.2%, TTH in 29.0% of people, and associated with sex, education and family history. Use of non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs made up major percent in headache patients.
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Background@#The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development offers an historic opportunity to set a new course for the next era for significant changes for children and their families, with water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) is at the centre of this ambitious new agenda, with a distinct water sector goal (SDG 6) that aims for universal, sustainable, affordable and equitable access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation and hygiene, as well as the elimination of open defecation by 2030. According to the data of the National Statistics Office of Mongolia, the total population of the country is 3,036,988 of which 1.3 million inhabit in Ulaanbaatar with over 60 percent of them living in the ger districts. Sanitation facilities which fail to meet the hygiene requirements are used by 97.3 percent of the ger-district households.@*Materials and Methods@#The research was implemented using laboratory test methods following the cross-sectional model. In the ger communities of the 9 districts of Ulaanbaatar, 111 sites were selected for soil sampling in July, August and September of 2016 with 3 repetitions. The samples were tested in the reference laboratory of the Public Health Institute, titres of E.Coli and quantities of Protei were defined and assessed in comparison against the normative levels provided in the Standard MNS 3297:91 “Environmental protection. Soil. The indicators of norm sanitation condition for soil communities.@*Results@#The findings of the study show that the most or 79.2 percent (225) of the sites where E.Coli was detected had low level of contamination, 18.3 percent (52) had moderate contamination and 2.1 percent (7) had high level of contamination. By locations of soil sampling for E.Coli detection, 588.74 titres were counted in the samples from near the ger-district service centres which was the highest among other locations and 5.88 times exceeded the mean contamination category of MNS3291:91 Standard as much as 5.88 times. The E.Coli contamination in the samples taken from near the main roads and gas stations were higher than the Submitted abstract International expert consultation on sanitation in cold climate 148 mean standard category (100-1000) by 16 points, but still lower than at the other locations (p=0.22). The mean value of the Proteus titres from July, August and September in the soil samples from the proximities of the car and tyre repair shops and car wash centres was higher than at other locations and would fall within the high contamination category according to the Standard. The 1.0 percent of the causes of diarrhea in small children in ger areas in UB is E.Coli in the topsoil. But the total number of bacteria in soil accounts for the 2.1 percent of the causes of diarrhea in small children.@*Conclusions@#</br> 1. Thesurficial soil of the ger-districts in city Ulaanbaatar are getting contaminated due to human and animal excreta and pit latrines which do not meet the hygiene requirements.</br> 2. Pollution of soil pathogenic microorganisms affects the diarrheal infection in children from ger areas in Ulaanbaatar.
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Justification@#Iodine is a micronutrient essential for human health. 92% of the required iodine human organism obtains with food. One of methods to supply the required amount of iodine is the use of iodised salt. The overall goal of our study was to determine the actual consumption of iodised salt by households. @*Materials and Methods@#Samples of salt consumed by 20173 households from five regions (Western, Mountainous, Central, Eastern regions and Ulaanbaatar city) of Mongolia were collected and their iodine contents were determined according to MNS 5168:2002.@*Results@#Out of the total analyzed salt samples, 19.1 % were non-iodised, 2.8% had low iodine content, 77.5% had appropriate level of iodine and 0.6% had high level of iodine.</br> When the salt iodine contents were evaluated by the country regions, it was revealed that the households in Western (31.4%) and Mountainous (20.57%) regions consumed salt that was not iodised. 84.5% of the Ulaanbaatar city households consumed salt with appropriate level of iodine.@*Conclusions@#</br> 1. 19.1 % of the surveyed households consume non-iodised salt, 2.8% consume salt with low iodine content, 77.5% consume salt with appropriate level of iodine and 0.6% consume salt with high level of iodine.</br> 2. The iodine level is appropriate in 84.5% of salt consumed by Ulaanbaatar city households.
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Introduction@#Oligophrenia makes 7.3% of all mental disorders in our country. It is known that almost 4% of all diagnosed cases of oligophrenia developed as a result of an inherited disturbance of amino acid metabolism. In most countries, the frequencies of inherited diseases of amino acid metabolism in the population are determined, and preventive screening programs of newborns are implemented. No study has been conducted so far into the issue of inherited diseases of amino acid metabolism in the Mongolian population. The goal of our survey was to detect inherited disorders of amino acid metabolism in the population at risk. @*Materials and Methods@#The collection of samples and the laboratory analysis were carried out in the following two stages: </br>1. The screening analysis of 514 individuals diagnosed with mental retardation was performed by paper chromatography; </br>2. The positivecases detected by the screening were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. @*Results@#The screening testing detected twelve potential disturbances of amino acid metabolism. Out of the twelve positive cases four individuals refused to participate in the confirmatory stage of the survey. Among the remained eight individuals, cases of hypertyrosinemia, hypervalinemia, hyperglycinemia, hyperlysinemia and pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy were detected. @*Conclusions@#</br>1. The fact that cases of inherited disorders of amino acid metabolism were detected among mentally retarded individuals show that the disorder is one of causes of oligophrenia. </br>2. A screening program of newborns should be implemented for early detection of inherited disorders of amino acid metabolism. </br>3. A genetic counselling and testing centre could assist in reduction of number of individuals with inherited disorders.
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INTRODUCTION:Waterborne diseases, especially diarrhea, related to water quality and safety, personal sanitation and hygienehave been still reported very high in developing countries. Globally, there are an estimated 1.4 million casesof hepatitis A every year. The hepatitis A virus is transmitted through ingestion of contaminated food and wateror through direct contact with an infectious person. Hepatitis A is associated with a lack of safe water and poorsanitation [2].Dysentery is bloody diarrhea, i.e. any diarrheal episode in which the loose or watery stools contain visiblered blood. Dysentery is most often caused byShigella species (bacillary dysentery) or Entamoeba histolytica(amoebic dysentery) [3].Kharaa and Orkhon River are tributaries of the Selenge River-basin, in which many mining and other industries,agriculture, and residential areas reside. It has become a one pollutant factor for water of the Kharaa andOrkhon rivers. As a result, water of the Tuul, Kharaa and Orkhon River was reported to be highly contaminated(Mongolian Human Development Report 2010: Water and Development report) [4].GOAL:The aim of the research was to study incidence of gastrointestinal infectious diseases among population ofsoums are located in Selenge River Basin.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Data on health statistics 2009-2013 years of gastrointestinal infectious diseases, including dysentery, diarrhea,hepatitis A virus and others, were collected and analyzed.RESULTS:Incidence of dysentery was registered highly among people who live in Mandal soums in 2009-2013 years. Butincidence of dysentery (per 10 000 population 2.82) among population ofMandal soum lower than the Selengeprovince and National average. Incidence of hepatitis A virus was registered highly among people who livein Orkhon (74.46), Orkhontuul (48.86) soums and it was greater than 1.3-2 times than the Selenge provinceaverage. Incidence of diarrhea was registered highly among people who live in Khushaat soum and it wasgreater than 2.18-3.8 times the than Selenge province averageCONCLUSION:Incidences of diarrhea and hepatitis A virus were registered highly in Orkhon, Orkhotuul and Khushaat soumscompared to other target soums and it was greater than 1.3-3.8 times than the Selenge province average.Especially, these diseases were registered highly among 0-16 aged children.
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In recent years, many researches that is related to waterborne diseases, especially diarrhea and water quality, safety, personal sanitation, hygiene have been conducting in developing country. Kharaa and Orkhon river are tributaries of the Selenge river basin and the many industries,agriculture, mining, provinces, soums are located in the near of Selenge river basin. Also Tuul,Kharaa and Orkhon river water is very polluted (Mongolian human Development Report 2010: Water and Development report).The aim of the research is to study correlation between to Kharaa and Orkhon river’s water pollution level and rate of gastrointestinal infectious diseases of people who live in the near of Selenge river basin.We analysed Kharaa and Orkhon river’s water quality and statistical data of gastrointestinal infectious diseases (such as dysentery, diarrhea, hepatitis A virus and others). Then we conducted correlation analysis between to river water pollution level and rate of intestinal infectious diseases. Kharaa and Orkhon river’s water was determined “less polluted” by physical, chemical andorganic indicators. But total number of bacteria was determined highly and Proteus vulgaris,Citrobacter freundi, Enterobacter agglomerans pathogens were detected in these river’s water. There were significant positive correlations between level of nitrit in river water and incidence of dysentery and diarrhea. (r=0.38, p=0.022; r=0.291, p=0.005).
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Background:One of the soil pollution assessment criterions is bacterial contamination. Soil bacterial contamination has negative impact on water, air, food stuff, human health as well as soil biological activity and soil purification process. The soil of populated area is contaminated by animal and human solid and liquid wastes, dead plants and industrial and household drainage water. Soil becomes a source harboring and transmitting pathogens due to the fact that pathogens are transmitted to the soil by the wastes of patients, human and animal corpses (dead bodies) died of infectious diseases, plants and water. Since it is difficult to detect pathogens from outside environment, the level of soil bacterial contamination is determined by the way of detecting medically important group of bacteria such as E.coli, Cl.perfringens, Proteus and thermophilic bacteria. Aim:Our survey objective is to determine level of soil contamination of Ulaanbaatar, Erdenet, Darkhan city’s by using microbiological method. Results and Discussion:1.Microbiological characteristics of soil bacterial quantitative assessment of the cities surveyed in Ulaanbaatar, all soil samples, Darkhan city, 72.2% and Erdenet, 54.5% belong to higher contamination levels. In 2009, Ulaanbaatar the result of E.coli titer 0.004, anaerobic titer 0,001 and thermophilic bacterial number 28,8 x10 c/g revealed.2.Compared to the average Ulaanbaatar, Darkhan city colon E.coli average titer of 1.25 times and anaerobic-titer 2 times and thermophilic bacteria was less than 1.6 times the number of a city for these parameters 1.5 times and 2 times and 1.5 timesis low.
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Abstract:The world population rising very fast and it has resulted in increasing the area of polluted soil, water and air. In order to cater to the demands of the people, the rapid expansion of industries, vehicles, etc. is necessary. But all of these developments make our world, especially urban area,heavily polluted. And many kind of contaminant substances showing bad effects to human health. Our research work aimed to evaluate Ulaanbaatar city soil contamination using sanitary microbiological and genetoxicological studies.The soils samples used in this study were collected from Ulaanbaatar city areas, from 5 points soil from the residential area of Ulaanbaatar; soil from city food market; soil from the area along the city highway; sludge of the city water treatment facilities; soil from the downtown. Genotoxicological effect of soil contaminant substances or ability to cause a mutation to living organisms was determined by Eims test and DNA damaging experiment on test strain Salmonella thyphimurium TA-100 (his G46, rfa B, bio pKm 101) and Escherichia coli (wp, uvr, pol). The result revealed that Ulaanbaatar city soil samples have inhibition effect to test strain growth rate.From our research work, we are making the following conclutions:1.Water and organic solvent solution of Ulaanbaatar soils have a high microbial growth inhibition rate. In particular, soil from the residential area has shown higher rate.2.Mutagenic activity of natural soil samples of Ulaanbaatar area was studied in bacterial test-systems. Soil samples revealed no mutagenic effect.
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1.Changes in microorganism’s quantity or activity can precede detectable changes in soil chemical properties, thereby providing an early sign of soil improvement or early warning soil degradation.2.Erdenet mining factory soil has approsintly 0.59*106 cell/g and control soil has 1.17*106 cell/g. Herein bacteria were 57%, actinomycete 31% and fungi 12%. But control soil bacteria were 83%, actinomycete 16% and fungi 1%.3.We have chosen deferent by morphology separate 29 cleanly cultures. In tolerance of heave metal, cultures which extracted from 1415 m level is tolerant against 6 mM of Fe, 5 mM of Pb, 3 mM of Mo and Cu, 1 mM of Cr